Sure, if you boot a Windows recovery image, you can do that: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/use-bootrec-exe-in-the-windows-re-to-troubleshoot-startup-issues-902ebb04-daa3-4f90-579f-0fbf51f7dd5d

Similarly, in Linux, I’ve seen issues like a chown/chmod gone wild that fucked the system file permissions enough that reinstalling is the easiest course of action.